# Tag Info

Accepted

### Comparing method of differentiation in variational quantum circuit

Both finite differences and the parameter-shift rule can be used to compute quantum gradients on quantum hardware. However, there are several reasons that lead to the parameter-shift rule being ...
• 744
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### Is there a general method of expressing optimization problem as a Hamiltonian?

As requested in the comments, here is a worked example. The main body deals with minimizing $f(x)$ for a specific problem. At the bottom follows a brief discussion of constraints then a brief ...
• 579
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• 400
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### QAOA for MaxCut - Algorithm motivation

What motivated this construction is mentioned in the original paper (section VI): adiabatic quantum computing. This construction is basically a Trotterized version of the evolution by the time ...
• 4,594
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### What is the difference between QAOA and Quantum Annealing?

One of the advantages, as stated in the paper you linked, is that with QAOA you can increase the precision arbitrarily, whereas QA will only find the solution with probability 1 as $T \to \infty$ ...
• 1,699

### Complexity of $n$-Toffoli with phase difference

(This answer uses ancillae and feedback) Does anyone know if there has been any improvement on the decomposition of the general n-qubits control X with phase differences in terms of elementary gates ...
• 27.6k
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### How to tell if the ground states of two Hamiltonians are solutions of the same optimization problem?

Short Answer: It is potentially hard (as bRost03 indicates in the comments). To be precise, coNP-hard. Longer Answer: In adiabatic quantum computation, the ground-...
• 11.4k
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### How to convert QUBO problem to Ising Hamiltonian?

Maybe this will help. Let's take a simple case: $$f(x_1, x_2) = -2x_1 x_2$$ Then it is minimum when $x_1 = x_2 = 1$. Now let's take this Hamiltonian: $$H_f = -2Z \otimes Z$$ The Hamiltonian is minimum ...
• 4,138

### What exactly happening in QAOA in a general way?

A precursor to the canonical QAOA is the Quantum Adiabatic Algorithm (QAA). Since we want to end up in the ground state of the Cost Hamiltonian ($H_C$) but don't know how to construct it, we exploit ...
• 370
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### T-depth in Qiskit

The depth method can be customized with a gate subset you want to consider. To compute the $T$-depth you most likely want to include both $T$ and $T^\dagger$ gates. ...
• 1,343
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### Under what conditions the minimum eigengap is non-zero?

I think this is formally undecidable. In detail, Cubitt, Perez-Garcia, and Wolf (arxiv, Nature) reduced the problem of determining the gap of a translationally-invariant Hamiltonian to the problem of ...
• 8,476
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### Barren plateaus in quantum neural network training landscapes

First: The paper references [37] for Levy's Lemma, but you will find no mention of "Levy's Lemma" in [37]. You will find it called "Levy's Inequality", which is called Levy's Lemma in this, which is ...
• 12.5k
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### Devising "structured initial guesses" for random parametrized quantum circuits to avoid getting stuck in a flat plateau

I am not an expert but I read a few papers and here is what I have found. Similarly to NN, people found strategies to avoid this issue with the gradients. Basically, for some problems, you can use ...
• 443
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### Minimum number of CNOTs for Toffoli with non-adjacent controls

Here is the best construction I've found. It uses 8 CNOTs. I verified this circuit in Quirk using the channel-state duality and a known-good inverse. The target is the middle qubit. None of the ...
• 27.6k
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### Resources on hybrid quantum-classical algorithms applied to combinatorial optimization problems

So for hybrid quantum-classical algorithms, I suggest looking at : The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm Variational hybrid quantum-classical algorithms that include the so famous ...
• 4,594
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### Minimum number of CNOTs for a 4-qubit increment on a planar grid

Here is the best circuit I've found. It uses 14 CNOTs. Note that this circuit is not using a linear layout! It is placed on the grid like this: ...
• 27.6k

### How to explain that I get a value lower than the smallest possible through minimization procedure in VQE?

The proof of the variational theorem (the theorem that the ground state energy is the lowest possible energy you can get from $\frac{\langle \psi|H|\psi\rangle}{ \langle \psi | \psi \rangle}$) is ...
Accepted

### How does the classical optimization of the angles $\gamma$ and $\beta$ in QAOA work?

$\langle \psi_p(\gamma,\beta)|H|\psi_p(\gamma,\beta)\rangle$ is basically the function evaluation step during the optimization. If you use a gradient-free optimizer, then it uses this information to ...
• 4,594

### Does the Qiskit ADMM optimizer really run on quantum computers?

The ADMM optimizer is a classical optimizer that will be execute on the classical computer. Nowadays, because of the limitation of the hardware, we see a lot of hybrid quantum-classical algorithms. In ...
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• 12.7k

### maximization of trace between two operators with respect to different norm constraints

If I understand your question correctly, you're trying to prove something that is false. Consider the operator  Y = \begin{pmatrix} 2 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & -1 & 0\\ 0 & 0 &...
• 4,793
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### Cost of SWAP gate

Swaps are never truly free. The papers you linked are just ignoring the cost of routing, and then hiding the cost of swapping in that ignorance. We ignore all concerns of layout and communication ...
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### Categories and types of quantum inspired algorithms

My reply is by no means an answer to your question. However, I still would like to drop in my 2 cents. The notion of "quantum-inspired" algorithms has no formal definition and has a rather ...
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### Travelling salesman problem on quantum computer

Based on comment by DaftWullie and my experience with the algortihm, it seems that a title of the article is misleading. The authors claim that algorithm they proposed is efficient. However, this is ...
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### How to implement NM Algorithm for Variational Quantum Eigensolver?

If you are looking for a more complete implementation of a quantum variational algorithm in the context of Cirq, I would recommend looking at the second example in the OpenFermion-Cirq notebook found ...

### Minimum number of CNOTs for Toffoli with non-adjacent controls

I found this circuit with T-depth 3 using CPFlow (shameless plug). Non-clifford gates (with T-count 1) are $R_Z(\pi/4)$ and $R_X(\pi/4)$. While most of the single-qubit non-Clifford gates in this ...
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