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Mar 8, 2021 at 12:22 vote accept mikanim
Mar 8, 2021 at 12:21 comment added glS it doesn't matter what $|u\rangle$ is. The operator $|u\rangle\!\langle u|$ is always positive semidefinite. An easy way to see it is that it has a single nonzero eigenvalue which is equal to $\|u\|$. Equivalently, you can verify that $\langle \alpha|u\rangle\!\langle u|\alpha\ge0$ for all $|\alpha\rangle$, which is again true because you can verify picking $|\alpha\rangle$ from an orthonormal basis containing $|u\rangle$. Equivalently, if $\|u\|=1$, just notice that $|u\rangle\!\langle u|$ is the projection onto $|u\rangle$.
Mar 8, 2021 at 12:18 comment added glS adding questions only makes the post too broad and liable to be closed. You can remove them by editing this post and ask the other questions on a separate thread.
Mar 8, 2021 at 11:54 comment added mikanim right but $|u \rangle$ in this case is a bipartite state if we look at it in the computational basis. I only see that it is positive semidefinite once I calculate out the matrix into the computational basis, which took 2-3 lines. Could you elaborate a bit on how you found it so quick?
Mar 8, 2021 at 11:45 comment added glS @mikanim because the sum of positive semidefinite operators is positive semidefinite, and $|u\rangle\!\langle u|$ is always positive semidefinite
Mar 8, 2021 at 11:45 comment added mikanim Thanks for the comment! How is the positivity immediate?
Mar 8, 2021 at 11:44 history edited glS CC BY-SA 4.0
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Mar 8, 2021 at 11:33 history answered glS CC BY-SA 4.0