Questions tagged [trace-distance]
In quantum mechanics, and especially quantum information and the study of open quantum systems, the trace distance T is a metric on the space of density matrices and gives a measure of the distinguishability between two states. It is the quantum generalization of the Kolmogorov distance for classical probability distributions. (Wikipedia)
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Bounds on local expectation values for two states close in trace distance
I feel like this should have been recorded somewhere but I could not find any result in the literature (except in very specific cases). Consider two states $\rho,\sigma$ such that they are $\epsilon$-...
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What's the trace distance between $|0\rangle^{\otimes n}$ and $\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\big(|0\rangle^{\otimes n} + |1 \rangle^{\otimes n} \big)$?
I'm trying to figure out the trace distance between the states
$\rho_1$ and $\rho_2$, where
$$
\begin{align}\rho_1 &= (|0\rangle \langle 0|)^{\otimes n}\,,\\
\rho_2 &= \dfrac{1}{2}(|0\rangle^{\...
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How do I prove the following maps are completely positive?
I am trying to prove that the following superoperators are quantum channels, that is completely positive and trace-perserving linear maps
1 $\Psi[M]=WMW^\dagger$ where $W$ is an isometry
2 $\Psi[M_A]=...
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Trace Distance in Bloch sphere, what is the vector of Pauli matrices?
While reading Chapter 9.2.1 Trace distance in "Quantum Computation and Quantum Information," I encountered a question. What is the vector of Pauli matrices referring to?
$$
\vec{\sigma} = (\...
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A measure of entanglement created by a unitary operation
Let $U$ be a unitary matrix acting on a 3-qubit system. If there is no correlation among any pairs of the three qubits, the unitary operation can be represented as $U = U_1 \otimes U_2 \otimes U_3$, ...
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How to implement the state $|\psi\rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left[|0\rangle \otimes |X_i\rangle + |1\rangle \otimes |X_j\rangle\right]$
I am trying to implement the quantum k-means algorithm proposed in https://arxiv.org/pdf/1909.04226.pdf.
In the equation (8) of the manuscript we need to implement a state $|\psi\rangle = \frac{1}{\...
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Does proximity of two bipartite states in a norm force high overlap between the elements of the Schmidt bases?
I want to know that there is a relation between the distance of two vectors and the corresponding elements of the Schmidt bases.
We assume that two bipartite vectors $|\phi\rangle^{AB}$ and $|\psi\...
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Improving Quantum State Distinguishability through Embedding
Consider the following map, $\mathcal{E}:\mathcal{L}(H_A) \rightarrow \mathcal{L}(H_{AB})$,
$$
\mathcal{E}(\rho_A|U_{AB}, U_{AC}) = {\rm Tr_C} \left[ U_{AC}U_{AB}(\rho_A\otimes |0_B\rangle\langle 0_B|\...
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How to show that the trace distance equals the maximal total variation distance?
Let $\rho$ and $\sigma$ be two density operators such that probability of obtaining $a$ is $tr(\rho E_a)$ if the state before measurement was $\rho$ and $tr(\sigma E_a)$ if the state before ...
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Is the trace distance upper bounded by the Euclidean distance?
Suppose we have two pure state $|\psi\rangle$ and $|\phi\rangle$.
I was wondering whether the statement:
$\||\psi\rangle\!\langle\psi|- |\phi\rangle\!\langle\phi|\|_{\rm tr}$ is at most the Euclidean ...
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Is fidelity of mixed $\sigma$ and pure $|\psi\rangle$ equal to $\||\psi\rangle\langle\psi|\sigma\|_1$?
The quantum state fidelity between a pure quantum state $\rho:= \vert \psi \rangle \langle \psi \vert$ and a state $\sigma$ is
\begin{align}
F(\rho, \sigma):= {\rm Tr}[\sqrt{\sqrt{\rho}\sigma\sqrt{\...
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Is it true that $|r_i-s_i| \le 1/2$ for all $i$, where $r_i$ and $s_i$ are the eigenvalues of density matrices $\rho$ and $\sigma$?
In Nielsen and Chuang's Box 11.2: Continuity of the entropy, in the process of proving the Fannes' inequality, it says:
A moment’s thought shows that $\left|r_i − s_i\right| \le 1/2$ for all i,
The ...
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Upper bounding the trace distance between a noisy and noiseless quantum state
Consider a quantum state
$$ \rho = \begin{pmatrix}
\rho_{00} & \rho_{01} \\
\rho_{10} & \rho_{11} \\
\end{pmatrix}. $$
Now, consider the effect of the amplitude damping noise $\mathcal{N}$ of ...
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Upper bound on trace distance of subsystems based on full system
If we have the following upper bound on the sum of trace distances:
$$
\frac{1}{N} \sum_{a, b}||p_1(a | b) \rho_{ab} - p_2(a | b) \sigma_{ab}|| \le \epsilon,
$$
where $p_1$ and $p_2$ are two ...
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References that use trace distance to calculate quality of teleportation
State fidelity is the most used measure to compute similarity of input and output states in articles dealing with a quantum teleportation.
For my research, I would like to know whether are there ...
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How to show $T(\rho,\sigma)≥\sum_i|r_i − s_i|$ with $r_i,s_i$ eigenvalues of $\rho,\sigma$?
The proof of the Fannes' inequality replies on the formula $T(ρ, σ)≥\sum_i|r_i − s_i|$, where $r_i,s_i$ are the eigenvalues of $\rho,\sigma$, in the descending order.
In the proof given in Box 11.2, ...
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Bounding inner product of states with distance
Suppose we are given two states quantum states $|{\psi}\rangle$ and $|{\phi}\rangle$ over $n$ qubits. We know that the distance between the states is bounded by $\epsilon$:
$$|| |{\psi}\rangle- |{\phi}...
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How to prove the strong convexity of the trace distance?
On page $408$ of Nielsen & Chuang in the step going from equation $(9.48)$ to $(9.49)$, I don't see how:
$$\sum\limits_i (p_i - q_i)tr(P \sigma_i) \leq D(p_i, q_i)$$
I proceed as follows:
$$\sum\...
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How many measurements are needed to distinguish two fixed density matrices?
Suppose there are two fixed density matrices $\rho_1$ and $\rho_2$ are prepared for equal probability. Can we say something about the minimum number of measurements required to distinguish the two ...
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Bounds relating min-fidelity and induced one-norm
Consider two CPTP maps $M_{A\rightarrow B}$ and $N_{A\rightarrow B}$. Let $\Phi = M - N$.
To distinguish between the two maps, there are several measures but here I want to compare two of them. The ...
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Prove that the trace distance is upper-bounded by the Hilbert-Schmidt distance
In (Haah et al. 2015), in the third page, second column, the authors use the following result: given a pair of states $\rho,\sigma$, we have
$$
\|\rho-\sigma\|_1 \le 2\sqrt{\min(\operatorname{rank}(\...
glS♦
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Why is state discrimination possible to infidelity $\delta$ using $n=\Theta(1/\delta)$ states?
In (Haah et al. 2015), in the first section, the authors study the asymptotic behaviours of fidelity and trace distance between $\rho^{\otimes n}$ and $\sigma^{\otimes n}$ for some given pair of ...
glS♦
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Prove the triangle inequality for the trace norm: $\|M+N\|_1\le \|M\|_1+\|N\|_1$
I have been trying to show that $$||M+N|| \le ||M|| + ||N||$$ However, I seem to be missing some fundamental property of either how the trace or square root acts on these sums of matrices, or how the ...
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Prove that a channel is close to acting on only one system
Background
Suppose I have a quantum channel $\Phi:B(\mathcal{H}_1)\rightarrow B(\mathcal{H}_1)\otimes B(\mathcal{H}_2)$, such that there is some small $\epsilon$ such that for any two input states $\...
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Why is the fidelity, rather than the trace distance, the standard choice to compare quantum states?
I don't think it's particularly controversial to say that the "standard" way people use to compare quantum states is via the fidelity. Yes, sometimes the trace distance is used as well, but ...
glS♦
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What does distinguishability mean in this case?
In a lecture, we were given the following example to explain the operational significance of the trace distance. Suppose that Alice prepares one of two (known) states $\rho_0$ or $\rho_1$ with equal ...
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Prove that the Bures metric satisfies a contractive property and has unitary invariance
In this paper, the authors assert that the Bures metric satisfies a contractive property and has unitary invariance. These terms aren't defined or proved in the paper, nor is any reference given for a ...
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Understanding conditional $L_2$ distances
I see that conditional $L_2$ distances from uniform are defined in the following way:
$L_2(\rho_{AB}\vert \sigma_B)= \text{tr}\left(((\rho_{AB}- \mu_{A} \otimes \rho_{B}) (\mathbb{I}_A \otimes \...
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Game formulation of Quantum GAN
Quantum Generative Adversarial Network (QuGAN) generates a desired quantum state via a minimax game between generator and discriminator (equivalently, it's optimizing a trace distance between ...
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maximization of trace between two operators with respect to different norm constraints
I want to maximize $\text{Tr}(XY)$ over $X$ for fixed $Y$, where $X$ and $Y$ are both hermitian (but doesn't necessarily positive) operators, and $X$ is constrained by its p-norm bounded by $1$, i.e. $...
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Given an orthogonal projection $\Pi$, is $\|\Pi(\sigma-\rho)\Pi\|_1\le\|\sigma-\rho\|_1$ true?
Suppose I have an arbitrary orthogonal projector $\Pi$ and two density operators $\rho, \sigma$. Is it true that:
$$ ||\Pi (\sigma - \rho) \Pi||_1 \le || \sigma - \rho ||_1 $$
where $||\cdot||_1$ ...
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Helstrom Measurement when two quantum states are close
I've been reading a paper about Entangled-quantum GAN (see this PDF) and wondering why descriptions below Eq.(3) in the paper are in fact true.
To summarize the description, suppose we have two ...
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Closeness of $\rho$ such that $\text{Tr}(|\psi\rangle\langle\psi|\rho)\le1/2^n+{\cal O}(2^{-2n} )$ for all $|\psi\rangle$ to the maximally mixed state
Consider an $n$ qubit density matrix $\rho$ such that
$$\text{Tr}(|\psi\rangle\langle \psi| ~\rho) \leq \frac{1}{2^{n}} + \mathcal{O}\left(\frac{1}{2^{2n}} \right), $$
for every $n$ qubit pure state $|...
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Closeness of unitary dilations of CPTP maps
Let $\Phi_1,\Phi_2 \colon S(\mathcal{H}) \to S(\mathcal{H})$ be CPTP maps on the same Hilbert space $\mathcal{H}$ which are $\varepsilon$-close in diamond norm, and let $U_1,U_2$ be respective unitary ...
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Does ${\rm tr}(\Pi_z\rho\Pi_z)\le p$ imply $\cal E(\rho)$ and $\cal E(\Pi_{-z}\rho\Pi_{-z})$ are close in trace distance?
Suppose I have a quantum operation $\mathcal{E}$ and a state $\rho$ such that:
$$ \operatorname{tr}(\Pi_z \rho \Pi_z) \le p $$
for some probability $p$ and some projection $\Pi_z$ onto some subspace ...
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How to prove that $\frac{| x_0 \rangle + | x_1 \rangle}{\sqrt{2}}$ hides one of $x_0$ or $x_1$?
I create a quantum state $| \psi \rangle = \frac{| x_0 \rangle + | x_1 \rangle}{\sqrt{2}}$ for a randomly chosen $x_0,x_1$ of 50 bits. I give this quantum state $|\psi \rangle$ to you and you return ...
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Is the trace norm monotone with respect to quantum operations?
The trace norm is defined to be $$\| K \| = \mathrm{tr}\sqrt{K^\dagger K}.$$
Is it true that we have
$$\| \mathcal E(K) \|\leq \|K\|,$$
for any quantum operation $\mathcal{E}: A\otimes B \to A\otimes ...
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If $\rho,\sigma$ are classical-quantum states, can the fidelity $F(\rho,\sigma)$ be expressed in terms of $F(\rho_i,\sigma_i)$?
Let $\rho = \sum_i \vert i\rangle\langle i\vert \otimes \rho_i$ and $\sigma = \sum_i\vert i\rangle\langle i\vert\otimes\sigma_i$ where we are using the same orthonormal basis indexed by $\vert i\...
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Minmax theorem for optimization over isometries and states
I have the following minmax problem and I am wondering if the order of the minimum and maximum can be interchanged and if yes, why?
Let $\|\cdot\|_1$ be the trace norm defined as $\|\rho\|_1 = \text{...
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Trace distance between mixed state and pure state vs trace distance between their purifications
Let $\rho$ be a mixed state and $\vert\psi\rangle\langle\psi\vert$ be a pure state on some Hilbert space $H_A$ such that
$$\|\rho - \vert\psi\rangle\langle\psi\vert \|_1 \leq \varepsilon,$$
where $\|A\...
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General expression for a state that is close in trace distance to a pure state
Suppose we are given that a quantum state $\rho$ is close in trace distance to a pure state $\vert\psi\rangle\langle\psi\vert$. That is
$$\|\rho - \vert\psi\rangle\langle\psi\vert\|_1 \leq \varepsilon,...
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How to find the distance between a given $\rho$ and the nearest pure state(s)?
I have a $d$-dimensional state $\rho$. Is there any way to find the (possibly not unique) trace distance to the nearest pure state:
$$
\min_{|\psi\rangle} \,\,\lVert \rho - |\psi\rangle\langle \psi| \...
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Constructing a state with constraints on reduced states
Suppose $\rho'_{AB} \approx_\varepsilon \rho_{AB}$ in trace distance. Is there an explicit construction of some state $\tilde{\rho}_{AB}$ using $\rho'_{AB}, \rho'_A, \rho'_B, \rho_A$ and $\rho_B$ (but ...
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Approximating an ensemble with an orthogonal ensemble
Consider an arbitrary ensemble $\{p_x\rho_x\}_{x\in X}$ and define the state
$$ \rho = \sum_{x\in X} \vert x \rangle\langle x \vert \otimes p_x\rho_x. $$
I am interested in understanding the quantity
$...
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If $\rho \approx_{\varepsilon}\sigma$, how to find $\Pi\rho\Pi$ to ensure that $\text{supp}(\Pi\rho\Pi)\subset\text{supp}(\sigma)$?
Let $\rho$ and $\sigma$ be positive semidefinite operators with trace less than or equal to 1. Let $\rho\approx_{\varepsilon}\sigma$ i.e. they are close in some distance, such as the trace distance.
...
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Why do probablity distribution with orthogonal suppor have maximal Kolmogorov distance?
Can anyone explain why the $l_1$ distance has the property that probability distributions $P,Q$ with orthogonal support (meaning that the product $p_iq_i$ vanishes for each value of $i$) are at a ...
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Is the trace distance between multipartite states invariant under permutations?
Consider two multipartite states $\rho_{A_1A_2..A_L}$ and $\sigma_{A_1A_2..A_L}$ in $\mathcal{H}_{A_1} \otimes\mathcal{H}_{A_2} \otimes...\mathcal{H}_{A_L} $. For an arbitrary permutation $\pi$ over $\...
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How can we upper bound the norm of a partial trace?
Suppose we have the normalised states $|\phi_{1}\rangle,|\phi_{2}\rangle \in A \otimes B$ where $A$ and $B$ are $d$-dimensional complex vector spaces.
Suppose $|\langle\phi_{2}|\phi_{1}\rangle| < ...
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Closeness of purifications of states
Uhlmann's theorem states that if two states $\rho_A, \sigma_A$ satisfy $F(\rho_A, \sigma_A)\geq 1 - \varepsilon$, then there for any purification $\Psi_{AR}$ of $\rho_A$, one can find a purification $\...
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Properties of composition of isometry and a perturbed adjoint
Suppose $\vert\Phi\rangle_{AR} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{|D|}}\sum_{i\in D} \vert ii\rangle_{AR}$ is the maximally entangled state. Let $V_{A\rightarrow BE}$ and $\tilde{V}_{A\rightarrow BE}$ be two isometries ...
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