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## Hot answers tagged tensor-product

17

Definition A two-qubit state $|\psi\rangle \in \mathbb{C}^4$ is an entangled state if and only if there not exist two one-qubit states $|a\rangle = \alpha |0\rangle + \beta |1\rangle \in \mathbb{C}^2$ and $|b\rangle = \gamma |0\rangle + \lambda |1\rangle \in \mathbb{C}^2$ such that $|a\rangle \otimes |b\rangle = |\psi\rangle$, where $\otimes$ ...

11

For many questions that appear on this site, and about quantum information and computation in general, it is possible to ask a completely classical version of the question, and often the (sometimes obvious) answer that one finds in the more familiar classical setting translates directly to the quantum setting. In this case, a reasonable classical version of ...

10

A two qudit pure state is separable if and only if it can be written in the form $$|\Psi\rangle=|\psi\rangle|\phi\rangle$$ for arbitrary single qudit states $|\psi\rangle$ and $|\phi\rangle$. Otherwise, it is entangled. To determine if the pure state is entangled, one could try a brute force method of attempting to find satisfying states $|\psi\rangle$ and $... 7 Does$|0\rangle\langle0|$represent a tensor product or is it just matrix multiplication? You can think of$|0\rangle\langle0|$as tensor product of$|0\rangle$and$\langle0|$, or equivalently as the matrix multiplication (more precisely, Kronecker product) of the vectors representing them. Also, I thought that we must always be able to write a ... 6 The tensor product is not commutative, i.e. in the computational basis, $$X\otimes Z=\left( \begin{array}{cccc} 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & -1 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & -1 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{array} \right)$$ while $$Z\otimes X=\left( \begin{array}{cccc} 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\... 6 Here the important fact is that the maximally mixed state is in fact an identity matrix. Let me rewrite the expression on the left in index notation (the summation sign is omitted according to the Einstein convention):$$ Tr(\rho^{AB} (\sigma^A \otimes I/d)) = [\rho^{AB}]_{ijkl} [\sigma^A]_{ji} [I/d]_{lk} $$But [I/d]_{lk} = \frac1d \delta_{lk}, ... 6 I think that you misunderstood the concept of tensor product here. There is no need of a Clifford gate in order to have a multi-qubit system. The fact that a multi-qubit system is described by the tensor produt of their state vectors comes from the fourth postulate of quantum mechanics, refer to the 94^{th} page of Nielsen and Chuang to see the formulation ... 6 The whole point is that CNOT cannot be written in the form A\otimes B. This is absolutely essential because if we only ever had operators of the form A\otimes B, states of the form |\psi\rangle\otimes|\phi\rangle would always remain separable. There's be no entanglement, and all quantum circuits would be easy to simulate on a classical computer. As ... 6 Imagine you have a vector that can be written in the form$$ |\psi\rangle=\sum_{i=0}^{d_A-1}\sum_{j=0}^{d_B-1}c_{ij}|i\rangle|j\rangle. $$The coefficients can be arranged as a d_A\times d_B matrix C, with the elements c_{ij} (in your special case, you're talking about setting d_A=d_B=\sqrt{m}). Now, if you calculate \rho_A=CC^\dagger, this is ... 5 When you say \neq I presume you are talking about the implied basis in usual ordering like (00, 01, 02, 10 etc). Otherwise you would have the isomorphism of Hilbert spaces vs an equality statement. That is, AB implies a certain ordered basis and BA a different one. The experiment has it's observables on the combined system in a basis independent way. If ... 5 It is worth emphasising that the stuff that you write inside a ket is completely arbitrary. It's just a label you're attaching to something, so it should have a proper definition somewhere. Now, usually, we're talking about quantum spins with a certain size of Hilbert space, say d. Probably here you're talking d\geq 3, and perhaps specifically d=3. ... 5 It is certainly sufficient to always calculate the full 2^n\times 2^n unitary matrix, and then apply it to the 2^n-entry state vector. If that's what you choose to do, that's all you have to do as all the entanglement information is contained in that vector. A quick and easy way to see if a particular qubit is entangled is to take the partial trace of ... 5 Yes, |\mathbf{x},0\rangle is a shorthand for |\mathbf x\rangle\otimes |0\rangle. Note that |\mathbf x\rangle itself, with \mathbf x = x_1x_2\dots x_N a bit string, is just a shorthand for$$ |\mathbf x\rangle \equiv |x_1\rangle \otimes |x_2\rangle \otimes\cdots |x_N\rangle\ . $$4 I'll add a bit to the other answer. State of a two qubit system is written as |\psi_1\rangle\otimes|\psi_2\rangle where |\psi_1\rangle is the state vector of the first qubit and |\psi_2\rangle is the state vector of the second qubit (it is upto you to decide which one will be called "first" and which one will be called "second"). The order is ... 4 Perhaps it helps to take a step back and start with something simpler: why do we tabulate probability amplitudes for state vectors and unitaries? For a single quantum system with d distinct states, labelled 0 to d-1, we associate a complex number a_i with the probability amplitude for being in state i. For a unitary, we associate a probability ... 4 The equation at the top of the question is not correct: there is a missing factor of 1/d on the right-hand side. Let's eliminate this factor from the left-hand side to make it simpler, so that the equation we want is this:$$ \text{Tr}\bigl(\rho^{AB} \bigl(\sigma^A \otimes I\bigr)\bigr) = \text{Tr}\bigl(\rho^A \sigma^A\bigr). $$To see why this is true, ... 4 The tensor product is not a gate, but rather a way for us as humans to model the behavior of a quantum system. Whenever we're using multiple qbits, we can look at them in two ways: in their product state (a complex vector of size 2^n for n qbits) or their individual state (|\psi_0\rangle \otimes \ldots \otimes |\psi_{n-1}\rangle). We can usually switch ... 4 Any two qubit Controlled-U gate is not decomposable as A\otimes B in general. The whole point is that a conditional operator has a non-local nature and it gives rise to non-trivial correlations when operated on a state. The Physics behind is that; imagine a Controlled operation which can be factored as A\otimes B, and the sub-systems (or the two qubits)... 4 Here i and j are bit strings of size n. Correspondingly, |i\rangle, |j\rangle are some basis vectors in 2^n-dimensional space, that corresponds to n-qubit register. Those controlled operations C and V act on (n+m)-qubit space. You can consider first n qubits as control register and last m qubits as target register. Now, C_n^j(U_{... 4 The reason is relatively straightforward. Consider an m dimensional vector space V with basis \lbrace \vert v_1 \rangle,...,\vert v_m \rangle \rbrace, and an n dimensional vector space W with basis \lbrace \vert w_1 \rangle,...,\vert w_n \rangle \rbrace. As your intuition suggests, we can naturally express any element A \in V \otimes W in the ... 3 For step (116), the equivalence between both of them is proved by $$(\langle\psi_1|\otimes\langle0|)C^\dagger C(|\psi_2\rangle\otimes|0\rangle) = (\langle\psi_1|\otimes\langle0|)(|\psi_2\rangle\otimes|0\rangle) = \langle\psi_1|\psi_2\rangle\otimes\langle0|0\rangle=\langle\psi_1|\psi_2\rangle\langle0|0\rangle,$$ where in the ... 3 This assertion is an axiom of quantum mechanics. It appears, for example, as Postulate 4 on page 94 of Nielsen and Chuang. It is considered to be one of the Dirac-von Neuman axioms of quantum mechanics. However, when the quantum system's Hilbert space is defined as the space of l^2 functions on some set, then when the set is a Cartesian product, the ... 3 The order in the tensor product is a convention and has nothing to do with experiments. As an example, if I have a cavity (with photons in it, H_A) and an atom (with internal states, H_B), it is clear which is the atom and which is the cavity, regardless of the order ones chooses for their Hilbert spaces in the tensor product when describing the setup ... 3 Expanding and generalising from Jitendra's answer: the key observation in this case is that you must use how scalar factors behave over tensor products. Specifically,$$ a (U \otimes V) = (aU) \otimes V = U \otimes (aV), $$or more generally$$ a_1 a_2 \cdots a_k \,(U_1 \otimes U_2 \otimes \cdots \otimes U_k) = (a_1 U_1) \otimes (a_2 U_2) \otimes \cdots \... 3 I presume you mean a$2^n\times 2^n$quantum operator,$U$? Let's assume we can write $$U=\sum_{x,y\in\{0,1\}^n}U_{xy}|x\rangle\langle y|.$$ All we have to do is show that we can construct any$|x\rangle\langle y|$using Pauli operators. But this is just the same as $$\bigotimes_{i=1}^n|x_i\rangle\langle y_i|,$$ so provided I can create any$|x_i\rangle\...

3

$|0\rangle|0\rangle$ is actually a shorthand for $|0\rangle \otimes |0\rangle$ or $\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \end{bmatrix} \otimes \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 0\end{bmatrix}$ where $\otimes$ stands for the tensor product or essentially the Kronecker product. To quote Wikipedia: In mathematics, the Kronecker product, denoted by $\otimes$, is an operation on two ...

3

Personally, I would just define $R_{ac}$ to be the unitary that acts $R$ between registers $a$ and $c$, and acts as identity everywhere else.

3

First of all note that, strictly speaking, quantum states are defined up to multiplication by complex scalars (that is, they are elements of the associated projective space $\mathbb{CP}^n$). This means that it is not true that "$-\lvert1\rangle$ is just $\lvert1\rangle$ but time or space delayed in time". The vectors $-\lvert1\rangle$ and $\lvert1\rangle$ ...

3

The Kronecker product of the vectors will lead to $|0\rangle=\begin{pmatrix}1\\0\end{pmatrix}$ and $|1\rangle=\begin{pmatrix}0\\1\end{pmatrix}$ \$(|0\rangle+|1\rangle)\otimes(|0\rangle+|1\rangle)=|00\rangle+|01\rangle+|10\rangle+|11\rangle=\begin{pmatrix}1\\0\end{pmatrix}\otimes\begin{pmatrix}1\\0\end{pmatrix}+\begin{pmatrix}1\\0\end{pmatrix}\otimes\begin{...

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