# Tag Info

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This is a very interesting question. Indeed, CP maps - and this includes the operations used in the error correction (measurement and subsequent unitaries) - will always decrease the trace norm. The answer is that if you take a (strictly) contractive map on, say, a qubit, and consider how it acts if you apply it to many qubits, there will always be some ...

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The effect of noise is to give us outputs that are not quite correct. The effect of noise that occurs throughout a computation will be quite complex in general, as one would have to consider how each gate transforms the effect of each error. There is a very good article that shows Noise and its effect in practical using Qiskit https://qiskit.org/textbook/ch-...

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Very briefly, gate fidelity refers to a way to compare how "close" two gates, or more generally operations, are to each other. As discussed e.g. in (Magesan et al. 2012), if one wants to compare the action of an operation $\mathcal E$ and a gate $\mathcal U$ on a given state $\rho$, one can define their "gate fidelity" as the quantum ...

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So that's where quantum error correction comes in. By measuring the stabilizers, the code is projected back into a pure state. I'll give an example using a Bell state: Imagine the state $$\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(|00\rangle + |11\rangle),$$ which is stabilized by XX and ZZ (meaning we can catch errors by verifying that these two operators have eigenvalue +1 on our ...

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The SWAP operator has been widely used to linearize'' polynomial functions of the density matrix. To understand this carefully, consider the following setup: Let $\mathcal{H} = \mathcal{H}_{A} \otimes \mathcal{H}_{A'}$, where $\mathcal{H}_{A} \cong \mathcal{H}_{A'}$, that is, we take two copies of the Hilbert space. The SWAP operator acting on this doubled ...

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Fidelity is a distance measure between quantum states. The gate fidelity uses fidelity to decide how noisy a quantum gate is. Take two copies of a state, apply your implementation of a gate on one copy and apply the ideal gate on another copy (this can be done on paper, not in a lab) and compute the fidelity between the two outputs. This is the gate fidelity....

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For interactions between non-nearest neighbour qubits, ancilla qubits are required, together with SWAP gates. The state of one of the (in this case) two qubits is swapped with the ancilla. This operation is repeated until the qubits are NN, and then the interaction can take place. After this is done, then the state of the ancilla is swapped back with the ...

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If you don't have the ability to perform the controlled-not directly between a pair of qubits, then you simply need to swap the qubits to place them onto a pair of qubits which can have a controlled-not applied to them.

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This problem is caused by noise in quantum circuit. When you use a simulator, usually there is no noise (unless it is simulated), so you have ideal quantum computer. However, in reality, a quantum processor is influenced by thermal and electromagnetic noise. Current challenge for quantum computer designers it to shield the noise from qubits. Qubits also ...

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I cannot add a comment, but I have a little question to the answer, sorry. Why exactly $-\pi/2$ (with minus) is a parameter of the cU1 gate in your circuit? Isn't e.g. $\pi/2$ (without minus) appropriate?

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I think you can also use the method of composite gates which might be easier to implement. The idea is that you create a circuit with gates and then turn it into an instruction by using the to_instruction() method. Once you've done this, you can consider this instruction as a predefined gate and add it to your new circuit by using the append() method. Let me ...

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If take e.g. this decomposition of the square root of NOT then it's so simple in the IBM Q composer: And although it is unlikely that this circuit form actually consists of 3 elementary gates (I think the cu1 gate is implemented using 5 elementary ones), in my opinion, it looks just easier than others e.g. from here: You can also use functions (subroutines)...

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As I explained in my answer on a previous question of yours, the depolarizing channel is not really 'physical' - actual quantum systems don't really behave that way. So for simulations where you, for instance, investigate the performance of some code against the depolarizing channel, it doesn't really matter what the exact value of $p$ is in your simulations....

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My understanding of the OP's question is that there is some restriction imposed that a gates can only act on Adjacent Qubits. While this isn't necessary, we can still work with this restriction using SWAP gates to make non-adjacent qubit adjacent. If the Control qubits are $i$ and $j$; and target qubit is $k$. Such that $i+1<j$ and $j+1<k$. Then we can ...

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The gate/operator in the brackets is the non-local CNOT gate, frequently used to create bipartite entanglement. Given it itself is a 2 qubit gate, then the tensor of this with the identity is simply a gate that acts on 3 qubits. This gate will take a 3 qubit state and flip the second qubit of this state when the first is $|1\rangle$ It will take $|110\rangle ... 2 You can use Toffolis and an ancilla to remove the need for the control on the T, then decompose the Toffolis into T+H+CNOT. Since the second Toffoli is uncomputing the ancilla, it can be replaced by a measurement based uncomputation. 2 In general you need more than$U$and CNOT to implement a controlled-$U$. One approach to constructing a controlled-$U$gate, for arbitrary$U \in \mathbf{U}(2)$, from single qubit and CNOT gates begins by parameterizing$U$in terms of$U(\alpha,\beta,\gamma,\delta)according to $$U = e^{i\alpha}\begin{bmatrix} \exp\left({-i\frac{\beta+\delta}{2}}\right)\... 3 We can implement CT using the following circuit: This solutions uses an extra gate which isn't available above R_I(\pi/8) = \sqrt{T} Explanation: We know that T = \sqrt{S} = Z^{\frac{1}{4}}. Since S,T,Z are all diagonal matrices hence their controlled versions will also be diagonal matrices CZ,CS,CT. Thus CT=CZ^{\frac{1}{4}}. If we can implement ... 4 Yes, this observation can be generalized. To start with, let's notice why is Hadamard the transformation required to measure a state | \psi \rangle in the \sigma_{x} basis. This is because it is the unitary intertwiner'' connecting the \sigma_{x} basis to the \sigma_{z} basis (a.k.a. computational basis). Recall that the \sigma_{x} eigenvectors ... 3 Let's see what QFT does on two qubit (and then on three qubit) computational basis states and try to gain some insights. The QFT action on |j\rangle basis state:$$QFT |j\rangle = \frac{1}{2^{\frac{n}{2}}} \sum_{k=0}^{2^n -1} e^{2 \pi i \frac{jk}{2^n}} |k\ranglewhere n is the qubit number. Now suppose n=2, then: \begin{align*} QFT |00\rangle &= ... 1 Some thoughts: A theoretical perspective From a theoretical perspective, the depolarizing channel is the 'standard' (if there is such a thing) or by some means the most applicable. Because the Paulis (together with the identity operator) form a basis for SU(2), if a code can correct the X, Y and Z flips on a certain qubit (and it it is able to ... 3 I think your explanation based on the circuit is perfectly adequate. For a more rigorous "proof", why not simply take the output of the circuit? Substitute in x_i=0 for all i and see that all the outputs are (|0\rangle+|1\rangle)/\sqrt{2} for i\neq 1 and (|0\rangle+(-1)^{x_1}|1\rangle)/\sqrt{2} for i=1, exactly as it would be for the ... 0 You only defined the gate, but not you haven't added the according method to the circuit. Add the following to the QuantumCircuit class: def l(self, qubit): # adjust this import to the location of your gate from .library.standard_gates.l import LGate return self.append(LGate(), [qubit], []) See for instance here how it works for ... 1 This Qiskit tutorial does what I think you're looking for; with the cnx() function. It uses this paper to decompose the CNOT gate without ancilla qubits. Let me know, if this helps you. 3 No, it's not possible to extract digits of the phase like that. It would violate the Holevo bound. In general there's no way to "amplify" single small phase differences into big phase differences, because of linearity. 1 A Toffoli gate is in fact NAND gate (when target qubit is in state |1\rangle, othwerwise it implements AND gate). Since NAND gate allows to implement any classical logical function and hence any classical algorithm, any gate based quantum computer is universal from classical point of view. Note that Toffoli gate can be realized with CNOT, H, S and T gates. ... 5 The quantum circuit model is one of the possible models for quantum computation. It is the most studied, because it is quite practical. Back to the origins, you can look at papers by David Deutsch, like: Quantum computational networks Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 425, 73-90 (1989) For a slow start, I suggest to read Nielsen and Chuang's book and maybe Scott ... 1 Not all quantum operations are reversible. Consider for example the quantum channel \Phi defined as \Phi(\rho)=\operatorname{tr}(\rho)\sigma. This is a channel that gives as output the same state regardless of the input. This is not a reversible operation, as there is no information in the output that allows you to infer what the input was (you can ... 5 "Why" is quite a nebulous concept that, ultimately, comes back to your understanding of quantum mechanics. For me, the way that I set up QM is with a set of postulates. The first postulate is that quantum states are represented by vectors in a Hilbert space of length 1. A second postulate is essentially that operations are linear. (This is not how ... 3 It is referring the the "function variable" register of figure 1. It consists of \log_2N qubits, all prepared in the |0\rangle state. 2 You do not need to use the density matrix approach. However, as the most general representation of a quantum state, doing so has several advantages. You can simulate noise using just statevectors using probabilistic approaches, eg wavefunction monte-carlo, that converge to the density matrix results in the limit of many repetitions. Along this same thread of ... 3 Noise effects introduce classical uncertainty in what the underlying state is. A mixed state is a statistical ensemble of several quantum states |\psi_i\rangle (not necessarily orthogonal), with respective probabilities p_i. With the state vector you can represent pure states, not mixed ones. Instead, with the density operator you can represent both pure ... 3 As noted by Mateus in the comments, the transformation you are looking for is non-linear. This cannot be done with any matrix transformation. Thus, you will need more qubits, and your solution shows two (+1 scratch qubit) is sufficient. I guess you might wonder if a two-qubit unitary can do it, though? The problem is that the transformation you want to ... 2 The XOR operation is not a well defined action in quantum computing since it is non-reversible. (For example: |0 \oplus 0\rangle = |1 \oplus 1\rangle = |0\rangle ) However, XOR is implicit in the CNOT operation, as CNOT(|a,b\rangle) = |a, a \oplus b\rangle Hence to answer my own question: CNOT(|\psi \otimes \phi\rangle) = \begin{pmatrix} a_1b_1 \\ ... 2 The trick is that you don't need to calculate the inverse of B. What you really want to evaluate is (\langle 0|\otimes I)(B^\dagger \otimes I)(\text{select}(V))(B\otimes I).$So, the point is that you only need$\langle 0|B^\dagger$which is the Hermitian conjugate of$B|0\rangle$, which you know. 1 Concerning Hamiltonian simulation, you can find very useful guide in this question. General approach to quantum circuit construction is explained in paper Elementary gates for quantum computation. Also paper Optimal Quantum Circuits for General Two-Qubit Gates can be helpful. 3 The black (white) dot means a condition that the corresponding qubit should be in$|1\rangle$state ($|0\rangle$state) in order to apply the gate. The first circuit implements the Hadamard gate only if the first qubit is in$|1\rangle$state and the second qubit is in$|0 \rangle\$ state (similar discussions can be found here). In other words, if the ...

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As Michele Amoretti correctly says, Quantikz is built on top of Tikz. It cannot do anything that Tikz cannot. It is simply intended to provide a wrapper that makes it more convenient for doing the specific tasks associated with drawing quantum circuits. More specifically, it's done in a way that I find most convenient (as the package author!). Mostly it came ...

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As explained in this tutorial, Quantikz is a Tikz package that is specific for drawing quantum circuits. So they are not alternative solutions.

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