# Tag Info

25

For a presentation from first principles, I like Ryan O'Donnell's answer. But for a slightly higher-level algebraic treatment, here's how I would do it. The main feature of a controlled-$U$ operation, for any unitary $U$, is that it (coherently) performs an operation on some qubits depending on the value of some single qubit. The way that we can write this ...

22

Computations in quantum information processing are implemented by means of unitary operations. Sometimes, we need to think not about a specific unitary operation required to execute a specific computation, but about the whole space of unitary transformations. (Examples will be given below). For a single $n$-dimensional qudit, (which can also be a tensor ...

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Abel Molina, Thomas Vidick, and I proved that the correct answer is $c=3/4$ in this paper: A. Molina, T. Vidick, and J. Watrous. Optimal counterfeiting attacks and generalizations for Wiesner's quantum money. Proceedings of the 7th Conference on Theory of Quantum Computation, Communication, and Cryptography, volume 7582 of Lecture Notes in Computer ...

15

The cloning theorem requires that the result of the cloning is two independent copies of the starting qubit, i.e., the state of the system in the end should be $\big(\alpha |0\rangle + \beta |1\rangle \big) \otimes \big(\alpha |0\rangle + \beta |1\rangle \big)$. This is not the state CNOT will give you. The qubits you get after applying CNOT as you ...

14

The best possible textbook reference at the moment is Coecke and Kissinger. Picturing Quantum Processes: A First Course in Quantum Theory and Diagrammatic Reasoning. Cambridge University Press, 2017. It is written by one of the two inventors of the ZX calculus (Bob Coecke), and one of the people who has contributed the most to the development of ...

14

For any matrix $A$ we can write $$A =\sum_{i,j,k,l}h_{ijkl}\cdot \frac{1}{4}\sigma_i\otimes\sigma_j\otimes\sigma_k\otimes\sigma_l,$$ where $$h_{ijkl} = \frac{1}{4}\text{Tr}\big((\sigma_i\otimes\sigma_j\otimes\sigma_k\otimes\sigma_l)^\dagger \cdot A\big) = \frac{1}{4}\text{Tr}\big((\sigma_i\otimes\sigma_j\otimes\sigma_k\otimes\sigma_l) \cdot A\big)$$ ...

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7

Imagine you have a vector that can be written in the form $$|\psi\rangle=\sum_{i=0}^{d_A-1}\sum_{j=0}^{d_B-1}c_{ij}|i\rangle|j\rangle.$$ The coefficients can be arranged as a $d_A\times d_B$ matrix $C$, with the elements $c_{ij}$ (in your special case, you're talking about setting $d_A=d_B=\sqrt{m}$). Now, if you calculate $\rho_A=CC^\dagger$, this is ...

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