I am trying to solve an exercise, but I can't seem to get it to work. I have to show $$\langle \sigma_x \rangle^2 + \langle \sigma_y \rangle^2+\langle \sigma_z \rangle^2 =1 $$ for $|\psi\rangle = \cos\theta|0\rangle + \sin\theta|1\rangle$. I first expand upon the rule, by actually computing the probabilities for each base. [![enter image description here][1]][1] This then leads me to this: [![enter image description here][2]][2] This leads me to this: [![enter image description here][3]][3] I assume my mistake lies here. When inserting $a_0 = \cos\theta$ and $a_1 = \sin\theta$ I get this: [![enter image description here][4]][4] This is incorrect though, because the relationship at the beginning should, according to the exercise, hold for all $\theta$ and not just when $\theta = n\pi$ $\forall n \in \mathbb N$, because it asks me to verify it for that specific state ($|\psi\rangle= \cos\theta|0\rangle + \sin\theta|1\rangle$). Can anyone help me out here? Thanks, Tom [1]: https://i.sstatic.net/ty8CG.png [2]: https://i.sstatic.net/MkOWY.png [3]: https://i.sstatic.net/tefVU.png [4]: https://i.sstatic.net/MB2u6.png