Questions tagged [pauli-gates]
For questions about Pauli matrices in general or Pauli gates in particular, as relevant to quantum computing and/or quantum information theory. The Pauli matrices are a set of three 2 × 2 complex matrices which are Hermitian and unitary. The three Pauli gates are: Pauli-X gate, Pauli-Y gate & Pauli-Z gate. X = {{0,1},{1,0}}; Y = {{0,-i},{i,0}}; Z = {{1,0},{0,-1}}.
188
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Is the Pauli group isomorphic to the Heisenberg group over a finite field?
Let $ p $ be prime and let $ P_n(p) $ denote the Pauli group on $ n $ qudits each of size $ p $. Then $ P_n(p) $ and $ \text{Heis}_{2n+1}(\mathbb{F}_p) $ are both extraspecial $ p $ groups of order $ ...
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What is the actual probability of not losing information (in a depolarizing channel)
The probability that a depolarizing channel doesn't affect the information is usually assumed to be $1-3p$, while, for convenience, it is affected with same probability $p$ by any Pauli operator $X,Y,...
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What is the correct name of this quantum gate? Possibly state control gate
Let $\vec v \in \mathbb{C}^2 $ be the following quantum state:
$$
\vec v = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\begin{bmatrix}
v_{1} \\
v_{2} \\
\end{bmatrix},\space \lvert v_1 \rvert = 1,...
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1
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169
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Calculate $\sqrt[4]{X}$ for the Pauli $X$ gate
I was trying to build a $cccx$ gate. According to this paper by Berenco et al., it requires a $\sqrt[4]{X}$ gate. Furthermore, I found another paper by Muradian and Frias with this formula:
$$\sqrt A=\...
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3
votes
1
answer
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Confirming locality of a Hamiltonian through decomposition
I was trying to understand Trotterization. The given Hamiltonian is decomposed into a sum of $k$-local Hamiltonians which can be exponentiated in $O(1)$ gate complexity. After which the Trotter ...
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3
votes
1
answer
340
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Direction of rotation for single-qubit unitary operators
The rotation operators for a single qubit are defined as $R_{v}(\theta) = e^{-i \theta X/2}$, with $v \in \{ X,Y,Z\}$. If we look at the direction of rotation of $R_v$ w.r.t. the positive eigenvalue, ...
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2
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How to obtain the state $|0\rangle+|1\rangle$ from $|0\rangle$ via Pauli gates?
Could somebody explain in which way are we able to achieve superposition with Pauli $X$, $Y$, $Z$ matrices? In case of Hadamard gate $H$ we change coefficients to $1/\sqrt{2}$ directly, in case of $X$ ...
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What is (formally) a transversal operator?
This question concerns about a formal definition of transversal operator.
I understood that transversal operator are a group of operators which are efficient in terms of circuit depth and can be used ...
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Decompose into completely stabilizer preserving channel in surface codes
In the article "Sampling-based quasiprobability simulation for fault-tolerant quantum error correction on the surface codes under coherent noise" they are talking about decomposing (possibly ...
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0
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Convert Coherent Noise to Clifford Errors with Probability on Surface Codes
Following my question about the equivalence of coherent and no coherent error, in surface codes.
Now I understand, it is not equivalent. I tried to read some articles about it, and I couldn't find a ...
- 1,124
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2
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Commutation rules between Pauli $X$ and controlled-Hadamard
Are there any known commutation rules between the $X$ gate and the $CH$ gate?
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How to perform a controlled Pauli string rotation gate?
I would like to know some circuit decomposition for an arbitrary controlled Pauli string rotation:
\begin{equation}
|0\rangle\langle 0| \otimes e^{i \theta (P_1\otimes...\otimes P_n)}+ |1\rangle\...
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In the Clifford group, is the center of $ \overline{\text{Cl}_n} \equiv\text{Cl}_n/U(1)$ trivial?
My question:
Is the center of $ \overline{\text{Cl}_n} $ trivial?
Recall that the algebra generated by the Pauli group is the full matrix algebra. So any matrix that commutes with the Pauli group must ...
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1
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Can we design a circuit that outputs desired estimates?
If we have state $\lvert\psi\rangle \in (\mathbb{C}^{2})^{\otimes n}$ in an $\textit{n}$-qubit system with Pauli operators $P$ such that $P \in \{I, X, Y, Z\}^{n}$, how can we design a circuit/...
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How to prove that the trace of n-qubit matrices satisfies ${\rm Tr}(XY)=2^n\sum_{M\in\{I,X,Y,Z\}^n} x_M y_M$?
It is known that for n-qubit matrices X, Y $\in \mathbb{C}^{2^{n}\times 2^{n}}$ (and Pauli matrices $I, X, Y, Z$) such that
$$
X = \sum_{M \in \{I, X, Y, Z\}^{n}} x_{M}M_{1}\otimes ... \otimes M_{n}
$...
- 153
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1
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How to express $n$-qubit Hermitian operator with Pauli matrices
How can we prove that all $n$-qubit Hermitian matrices can be written in terms of Pauli matrices $I$, $X$, $Y$, and $Z$ as
$$
\sum_{W_k \in \{I, X, Y, Z\}} a_{W_1,\dots,W_n}W_{1}\otimes ... \otimes W_{...
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1
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General reason behind why $X_L$ and $Z_L$ can be processed on software for error correction
I am reading surface code theory with this paper. It is explained there that the $X_L$ and $Z_L$ (logical $X$ and $Z$ operator) can be pushed at the end of the circuit and they actually do not have to ...
- 1,142
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Is it true that $Ry(\pi/2)\sigma_zRy(-\pi/2)=\sigma_x$?
I saw in a qiskit document that said $Ry(\pi/2)\sigma_zRy(-\pi/2)=\sigma_x$ To confirm this I decided to create the matrix representations of these operations and multiply them together to see if I ...
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What is the best way to write a tridiagonal matrix as a linear combination of Pauli matrices?
I'm looking for an algorithm to write an arbitrarily sized tridiagonal matrix as a linear combination of Pauli matrices. The tridiagonal matrix has the form, for example,
\begin{pmatrix}
2 & -1 &...
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1
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Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle for BB84 Protocol using Paulis Spin Matrices
I am doing a term project on the BB84 Protocol and it makes use of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. I think I understand the principle in theory. If we have two non-commuting observables, then we ...
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How does the ZZ Feature Map influence the measurement?
I've been look at this Notebook from qiskit and trying to understand whats happening, but can't quite figure it out.
From my understanding, rotations around the Z ...
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How are gates implemented in a transmon qubit?
A transmon qubit is fundamentally in LC circuit. How are gates implemented in a transmon qubit? How do we know what voltage corresponds to the $\sigma_x$ gate for example?
4
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2
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What is the largest number of stabilizers a pure state can have?
What is the largest number of stabilizers a pure state can have? Elaborately put:
Let $P(n)$ denote the Pauli group. Given an arbitrary pure state $|\psi\rangle$, what is the upper limit on how many ...
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votes
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Does conjugation by a Clifford send each non-identity Pauli to every other non-identity Pauli with equal frequency?
I see here in Olivia DeMatteo's notes, she states:
When we consider the action of the entire Clifford group on a single non-identity Pauli, it
maps that Pauli to each of the $d^2 − 1$ other possible ...
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3
votes
1
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Cliffords to Transform into Common Eigenbasis
Say I have the following Hamiltonian (given in terms of Pauli operators):
\begin{equation}
H=aX_1Z_2+bZ_1X_2.
\end{equation}
Both Pauli terms commute with each other. I want to make a measurement of $\...
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Can you measure sums of Paulis in the stabilizer formalism?
Suppose we wanted to measure the observable $Z_{1} + Z_{2} + \cdots + Z_{N}$ in a stabilizer state. Is it possible to do this using only Clifford operations, and possibly adding some auxiliary qubits?
...
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Qiskit's PauliTrotterEvolution yields weird gates
I am trying to work with Qiskit's PauliTrotterEvolution() module, but the resulting circuits contain weird gates that I know nothing about.
Here is a simple example: I want to implement the fermionic ...
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Does the controlled Pauli Z gate cause entanglement?
I'm trying to understand the relationship between the factorability of a 2 qubit gate and that gate's ability to cause entanglement.
I've begun by considering the controlled Pauli Z gate. After ...
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Why isn't $Ry(\pi/2)$ gate equivalent to Hadamard gate?
I've been experimenting with quantum circuits and can't quite fathom how the difference between states comes together.
Speaking in terms of simulations using qiskit,...
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What is the structure of coefficients of $2^N\times 2^N$ unitary matrices decomposed in terms of the Pauli basis?
Any square $2^N\times 2^N$ matrix can be written as a sum of tensor products of pauli matrices. Eg a $8\times 8$ matrix can be written as
$$U=\sum_{i_1,i_2,i_3}u_{i_1,i_2,i_3}\sigma_{i_1}\otimes\...
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Why can the Hamiltonian $H=P_x(t)X+P_y(t)Y$ make an arbitrary unitary $U=R_x(b)R_y(c)R_x(d)$?
p.281 of Nielsen and Chuang's book says that
A single spin might evolve under the Hamiltonian $H = P_x(t)X + P_y(t)Y$, where $P_{\{xy\}}$ are classically controllable parameters. From Exercise 4.10, ...
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Proof for Cardinality of the Clifford Group
In this article: (http://home.lu.lv/~sd20008/papers/essays/Clifford%20group%20[paper].pdf) a proof is given for the cardinality of the Clifford group. I understand all the parts of it except for how ...
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Showing that $e^{i \sigma_z \otimes \sigma_z t} = \text{CNOT}(I \otimes e^{i \sigma_zt})\text{CNOT}$
While working on circuit construction for Hamiltonian simulation using this answer as reference, I'm unable to see how the following equation is true:
$$
e^{i \sigma_z \otimes \sigma_z t} = \text{CNOT}...
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votes
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Controlled Z gate using Pauli rotation operators and Z tensor product Z
I am trying to construct a controlled Z gate using elementary gates. This is what I have so far: \begin{pmatrix}
-i & 0 & 0 & 0\\
0 & -1 & 0 & 0\\
0 & 0 & 1 & 0\\
...
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1
answer
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Qutrit analogues of controlled Z and cc-Z gates
I am trying to look for the qutrit analogues of a controlled-Z, and a cc-Z (Z gate with two controls) for qubits.
There is a previous answer that gives a qutrit analogue of a CNOT gate, but does not ...
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Is there a convention for denoting $Y$ eigenstates?
Two common shorthands for eigenstates of the $Z$ operator are $\{|0\rangle,|1\rangle\}$ and $\{|1\rangle,|-1\rangle\}$, where in the first case we have $Z|z\rangle=(-1)^z|z\rangle$ and in the second ...
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Measuring tensor products of Pauli operators
Is there a neat way to derive and efficiently implement a measurement circuit for tensor products of arbitrary Pauli operators like $XZZXZ$ in Qiskit ?
I tried using the ...
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2
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Qiskit CNOT-gate matrix mixup?
In the qiskit textbook chapter 1.3.1 "The CNOT-Gate" it says that the matrix representation on the right is the own corresponding to the circuit shown above, with q_0 being the control and ...
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In what sense are Pauli matrices measurement operators?
Neilson and Chuang's textbook shows a nice example of measuring in the $Z$ basis on page 89 in section 2.2.5. The Hermitians for measuring in the $Z$ basis, $|0\rangle\langle 0|$ and $|1\rangle\langle ...
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Prove the fidelity can be written in terms of Pauli expectation values as ${\rm tr}(\rho\sigma)=\sum_k \chi_\rho(k)\chi_\sigma(\rho)$
I am reading through "Direct Fidelity Estimation from Few Pauli Measurements" and it states that the measure of fidelity between a desired pure state $\rho$ and an arbitrary state $\sigma$ ...
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votes
0
answers
163
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Is decomposing high-dimensional states in terms of Pauli matrices impossible?
I've been trying to decompose a 3x3 density matrix with 3-dimensional Pauli matrices but it doesn't work for all matrices.
For example, the density matrix of the state $|0\rangle + |1\rangle + |2\...
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0
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What does it mean that a qubit is a triple $(H,X,Z)$ with $H$ Hilbert space and $X,Z$ Pauli operators?
In this paper, http://users.cms.caltech.edu/~vidick/teaching/fsmp/fsmp.pdf, it gives the definition of a qubit as follows:
A qubit is a triple $(H, X, Z)$ consisting of a separable Hilbert space H and
...
3
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1
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A question from Aaronson 2004 paper
In Aaronson's paper about the efficient simulation of a stabilizer circuit
(https://journals.aps.org/pra/pdf/10.1103/PhysRevA.70.052328),
I have a problem with finding the reason why the following ...
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2
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0
answers
26
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Measurement on a specific basis and proof of circuit output
I am trying to understand a proof from Practical optimization for hybrid quantum-classical algorithms. In particular, I need clarifications on how do you perform the measurement on a different basis ...
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0
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82
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How does Spin Measurement correspond to quantum NOT gate?
Newbie in quantum computing (and stack overflow) here. I am confused regarding the relation between spin measurement in quantum mechanics and the quantum NOT gate.
I have a Bloch sphere picture of a ...
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votes
1
answer
732
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Prove that any Hermitian Matrix is a real linear combination of Pauli operators [duplicate]
This is an important result in Quantum Computing because it means that the Hamiltonian of a Quantum System can be encoded as a sequence of real numbers and their corresponding Pauli Operator.
How do ...
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2
votes
1
answer
48
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Gate Cost to Transform Superposition of Hamming weight 1 states to superposition of arbitrary basis states?
Say you have something like a general-coefficient $n$-qubit W-state, i.e.,
$$
|\psi\rangle\equiv\sum_{j=1}^n a_j X_{j}|0\rangle^{\otimes n} \ ,
$$
where $a_j$ are normalized complex coefficients. ...
- 454
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votes
1
answer
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How to prove the fundamental equation in the theory of angular momentum $\sum_{l=x,y,z}\langle J_l^2\rangle\le\frac{N(N+2)}{4}$?
How to prove the inequality$$\sum_{l=x,y,z}\langle J_l^2\rangle\le\frac{N(N+2)}{4}$$
where $J_l = \mathop{\Sigma}_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2}\sigma_l^{i}$, and $\sigma_l^i$ is pauli matrix acting on the $i$th ...
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1
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How can I compose the Ising XXPOW,YYPOW and ZZPOW gate in single qubit gates and CNOT,...?
I am a bit stuck in decomposing these gates in single qubit gates, in the Cirq documentation it is written, for example that XX is for example the tensor product of Rx gates. But when I calculate ...
4
votes
3
answers
716
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Can we write Pauli-Y gate without even complex part?
I was just curious, why is the quantum gate Y-gate (Pauli-Y gate) written in terms of complex numbers? We can actually write Pauli-Y gate as
$$
Y = i * \begin{bmatrix} 0 & -1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{...
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