For questions like this, the conventional physics notation is easier to work with than the QIT gate notation. Define $\vec \sigma = (\sigma_1,\sigma_2,\sigma_3)$ to represent the three Pauli matrices
$$\sigma_1 = X = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{bmatrix}, \;\;\; \sigma_2 = Y = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & -i \\ i & 0 \end{bmatrix}, \;\;\;
\sigma_3 = Z = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & -1 \end{bmatrix}.$$
The Pauli matrices form a basis for the Lie algebra $\mathfrak{su}_2$, and the corresponding Lie group elements, $U \in SU(2)$, are given by the exponential map
$$U = e^{i\, \vec \phi \, \cdot \vec \sigma}, \;\;\; \vec \phi \in \mathbb{R}^3.$$
Define the vector $\vec \phi$ by a magnitude $\alpha$ and unit vector $\hat \phi = (\phi_1,\phi_2,\phi_3)$ such that $\vec \phi = \alpha \hat \phi$. Simple multiplication shows that $(\vec \phi \cdot \vec \sigma)^2 = \alpha^2$. With this relationship, the Taylor expansion of $U$ works out very nicely.
$$U = \sum \limits_{i=0}^\infty \frac{i^n}{n!} \, (\vec \phi \cdot \vec \sigma)^n = \sum \limits_{j=0}^\infty \frac{(-1)^j}{(2j)!} \alpha^{2j} + i \hat \phi \cdot \vec \sigma \sum \limits_{j=0}^\infty \frac{(-1)^j}{(2j + 1)!} \, \alpha^{2j+1}$$
$$=I \, \cos \alpha + i \hat \phi \cdot \vec \sigma \sin \alpha = \begin{bmatrix} \cos \alpha + i \phi_3 \sin \alpha && (\phi_2 + i \phi_1) \sin \alpha \\ (-\phi_2 + i \phi_1) \sin \alpha && \cos \alpha - i \phi_3 \sin \alpha \end{bmatrix}.$$
With this formula it's simple to find the group element corresponding to given Lie algebra parameters. In the case of your specific question $\alpha = \tfrac{\pi}{2}$ and $\hat \phi = (\tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}, 0, \tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}})$. Plugging this in gives
$$U_{x+z} = \begin{bmatrix} \frac{i}{\sqrt{2}} && \frac{i}{\sqrt{2}} \\ \frac{i}{\sqrt{2}} && -\frac{i}{\sqrt{2}} \end{bmatrix} = \frac{i(X + Z)}{\sqrt{2}}.$$
In the underlying question from qiskit, $\equiv$ is defined as equivalence modulo global phase, so, as desired, the result equals $\tfrac{X+Z}{\sqrt{2}}$ up to a global phase of $e^{i\frac{\pi}{2}}$.
The more general question of determining what other Lie algebra parameterizations share this property (apart from trivial solutions, which are given by multiples of the identity) reduces to finding solutions to the equation
$$e^{i \vec \phi \, \cdot \, \vec \sigma} = e^{i \theta} \, \hat \phi \cdot \vec \sigma \; (\text{mod} \; \theta).$$
This requires $\cos \alpha = 0$, which means vectors solving this equation will have $\alpha = \pm \tfrac{\pi}{2}$. From there it's relatively straightforward to see that solutions take the form of vectors with $\alpha = \pm \frac{\pi}{2}$ and $e^{\pm i \frac{\pi}{2} \hat \phi \, \cdot \, \vec \sigma} = \pm i \, \hat \phi \cdot \vec \sigma$.