# Evaluate the following teleportation equation for $U = ZX$ and $a = 0, b = 0$

When I evaluate the following equation using $$U = ZX$$ and $$a = 0, b = 0$$ [for Bell state], I am getting LHS not equal to RHS.

Before describing the protocol, let us first review the teleportation protocol and introduce the notation used in the paper. In general, Bell states are of the following form

$$|B_{xy}\rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt 2}(|0,x\rangle + (-1)^y|1, x\oplus 1\rangle),\tag{1}$$

where $$x, y \in \{0, 1\}$$ and $$\oplus$$ represents addition modulo $$2$$. The relationship between Bell states and classical bits can be defined as

$$|B_{xy}\rangle \leftrightarrow xy, x, y \in \{0,1\} \tag{2}$$

For any qubit $$|\phi\rangle$$ and any single-qubit unitary operation $$U$$, a general teleportation equation, based on an initial Bell state $$|B_{ab}\rangle$$, $$a, b \in \{0, 1\}$$, shared between the two users, can be written as

$$\boxed{|\varphi\rangle_1 \otimes (I\otimes U)|B_{ab}\rangle_{2,3} = \frac{1}{2}\sum_{\mathrm{x\in\{0,1\}}}\sum_{\mathrm{x\in\{0,1\}}}(-1)^{b.x}|B_{x,y}\rangle_{1,2}\otimes UZ^{y\oplus b}X^{x\oplus a}|\varphi\rangle} \tag{3}$$

where $$X = (|0\rangle\langle 1| + |1\rangle\langle 0|)$$, $$Z = (|0\rangle\langle 0| - |1\rangle\langle 1|)$$ and the subscripts denote different systems.

Paper Reference

• If the above equation is wrong.. what should be the correct equation? Sep 23 '19 at 15:04
• – glS
Sep 24 '19 at 14:21

There's a mistake. It's incorrect even for $$a=0,b=0,U=I$$. In this case the correct formula is $$|\phi\rangle \otimes |B_{00}\rangle = \frac{1}{2} \bigg(|B_{00}\rangle \otimes |\phi\rangle + |B_{01}\rangle \otimes Z|\phi\rangle + |B_{10}\rangle \otimes X|\phi\rangle + |B_{11}\rangle \otimes XZ|\phi\rangle\bigg)$$ but their formula swaps $$X$$ and $$Z$$ in the last term. It looks like if we swap $$X$$ and $$Z$$ terms in their formula then it will be correct (I checked on the computer).

Update

The correct formula is with the swapped $$X$$ and $$Z$$ terms: $$|\phi\rangle \otimes (I \otimes U)|B_{ab}\rangle = \frac{1}{2} \bigg(\sum_{x \in \{0,1\}}\sum_{y \in \{0,1\}} (-1)^{b\cdot x}|B_{xy}\rangle \otimes UX^{x\oplus a}Z^{y\oplus b}|\phi\rangle\bigg)$$

I've used Julia programming language to check this. Note that both sides of equality are linear on $$|\phi\rangle$$, so we can check it only for $$\phi = 0$$ and $$\phi = 1$$. Also both sides are linear on $$U$$, so we can check equality only for $$I, X, Z$$ and $$XZ$$.

using LinearAlgebra

const ⊗ = kron
const ⊕(x,y) = (x+y) % 2

const Z = zeros(2,2) + [1 0; 0 -1]
const X = zeros(2,2) + [0 1; 1 0]
const Id = zeros(2,2) + I

function basis(x)
return Id[:,x+1]
end

function bell(x,y)
ret = zeros(4)
ret += basis(0) ⊗ basis(x)
ret += (-1)^y * basis(1) ⊗ basis(x ⊕ 1)
ret /= sqrt(2)
return ret
end

function check()
for a=0:1, b=0:1, ϕ=0:1, U in [Id, X, Z, X*Z]
lhs = basis(ϕ) ⊗ ( (Id ⊗ U) * bell(a,b) )
rhs = zeros(8)
for x=0:1, y=0:1
rhs += (-1)^(b*x) * bell(x,y) ⊗ (U * X^(x⊕a) * Z^(y⊕b) * basis(ϕ))
end
rhs /= 2
err = norm(lhs - rhs)
println(err)
end
end

check()


Note that this check is numerical, though one can also try to use symbolic math packages, like SymPy.

• could you please share the related code used for checking the equation... Sep 24 '19 at 13:32
• yes, updated the answer Sep 24 '19 at 14:48