The Hadamard gate is:
$$\frac{1}{\sqrt 2} \left(|0\rangle \langle 0 | + |0\rangle\langle 1| + |1\rangle \langle 0| - |1\rangle \langle 1|\right)$$
And since $|+\rangle$ is $\frac{1}{\sqrt 2}\left(|0\rangle + |1\rangle \right)$,
you can work out that $H(|+\rangle) = |0\rangle$
So,
$$CNOT(H|+\rangle \otimes |+\rangle)$$
$$= CNOT(|0\rangle \otimes |+\rangle)$$
$$= |0\rangle \otimes |+\rangle$$
You can also check that $H^2 = I$ or that the Hadamard gate is both Unitary and Hermitian.
$$H = H^\dagger$$
$$H^\dagger = H^{-1}$$
So, $H = H^{-1}$, the Hadamard gate is its own inverse.
What you have done is not projection of $|00\rangle$ to get the state $|\phi^+\rangle$, but you just applied the unitary that takes the computational basis to the Bell basis.
As you said in the comments, true, if you measure a state in a basis, you will get one of the basis vectors as outcomes with different probabilities. To see that, express the state in hand in the measurement basis.
For ex:
$$|00\rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt 2} (|\phi^+\rangle + |\phi^-\rangle)$$ so you will get $|\phi^+\rangle$ with 50% probability and $|\phi^-\rangle$ with 50% probability.
Similarly, on expressing $|++\rangle$ in the Bell basis as:
$$\frac{1}{\sqrt 2}(|\phi^+\rangle + |\psi^+\rangle)$$ you get each of those states with 50% probability on measuring.