What is the representation of the CH gate in ZX-calculus?
Is there a general recipe for going from a ZX-calculus representation of a gate to the representation of the controlled version?
7
$\begingroup$
$\endgroup$
9
$\begingroup$
$\endgroup$
In answer to your first question, yes there is a way to build controlled-$H$ in ZX. It more or less mirrors the construction in quantum circuits. First, one can construct controlled-$Z$-phase gates using the technique described in the "Quantum Computing" chapter of mine and Coecke's book (Picturing Quantum Processes, p. 687):
n.b. the white dots are $Z$-spiders, gray dots are $X$-spiders.
This is a controlled phase gate, which conditionally applies a $Z(\alpha)$ on the second qubit if the first qubit is $|1\rangle$. Using the bialgebra law, it is not too hard to show this is actually equivalent to a more familiar "circuit-like" form of the gate:
From the controlled-$\operatorname{Z}$ phase gate, wrap the control bit in Hadamards to get a controlled-$X$ phase gate.
To create a controlled Hadamard, take its Euler decomposition to get $Z(\pi/2) X(\pi/2) Z(\pi/2)$, then to get the controlled version, replace each of the phase gates with controlled-phase gates.
As a general rule (and somewhat in line with Nick's answer), any "circuit-like" ZX-diagram (i.e. built out of $\operatorname{CNOT}$, $H$, and phase gates) can be transformed into the controlled version much like you can with a circuit. Phases become controlled-phases, $H$s becomes controlled-$H$s, and $\operatorname{CNOT}$s become Toffolis (which can also be constructed from spiders, though it's a bit more elaborate).
There is also a general technique for adding control wires to ZX-diagrams, which is explained in a recent paper by Jeandel, Perdrix, and Vilmart: arXiv:1805.05296
However, either technique tends to yields big, unwieldy diagrams. If you find you are working with controlled or multiply-controlled operations a lot, the ZH calculus (a variation on ZX which allows many-legged $H$-gates) could be more convenient to work with: arXiv:1805.02175.
-
$\begingroup$ Thanks Aleks! Did you by and chance mean that the H gates wrap the target qubit to turn a CZ into a CX? $\endgroup$ – Daniel Mahler May 5 at 4:17
6
$\begingroup$
$\endgroup$
The easiest way to do this would be to use the general controlled unitary construction given in this post: Given a decomposition for a unitary $U$, how do you decompose the corresponding controlled unitary gate $C(U)$? translate the circuit to ZX and hopefully simplify the circuit using ZX rewrite rules to get a nicer expression.
5
$\begingroup$
$\endgroup$
If you use the symbol of triangle and lambda box in ZX, see e.g. my paper with KangFeng Ng arXiv:1706.09877, then there are two simple ways of representing the CH gate in ZX-calculus, one of them even need not any decomposition of the H gate (diagrams should be read from top to bottom):
If you don't want any H showing in CH, then you have another diagram for CH:
From my experience, translating C(U) circuits into ZX usually is not an easy way for getting nice expression even after ZX simplification, if you don't know a nicer expression in advance.
4
$\begingroup$
$\endgroup$
First, there is a neat way of performing the controlled Hadamard, with only two occurrences of the $T$ gate:
Regarding your second question, I can give an answer that will get a tad technical, based on the paper arXiv:1805.05296. We are going to use the following construction
that we generalise to $n$ wires:
The reason we denote this operator like this is if plug $|0\rangle$ on the control half-edge, we get the identity, while if we plug $|1\rangle$ we get $2|+\rangle\langle+|$.
We are given a diagram $U:n\to n$. The first thing we do is use the map/state duality to get a diagram $U':0\to 2n$
Now, suppose there exists a diagram $\Lambda U':1\to 2n$ such that $\Lambda U'|0\rangle = 2^n|+^{2n}\rangle$ and $\Lambda U'|1\rangle = U'$. Then the controlled version of $U$ can be performed by building:
The question hence boils down to finding such a $\Lambda U'$. A first "naive" solution is to treat the map $U'$ nearly as a black box: we only require you know a non-null entry of $U'$: $\langle a_1...a_{2n}| U' = x \neq0$ for some $a_1,...,a_{2n}\in\{0,1\}^{2n}$, and such that one can represent $\begin{pmatrix}1\\1/x\end{pmatrix}$ with a diagram $\Lambda (1/x):0\to 1$ in the fragment (in the unrestricted ZX-Calculus, this is always possible). Using yet another construction:
generalised to:
we can define $\Lambda U'$ as:
