# What is the correct sign in the unitary evolution operator of a beam splitter?

I'm a bit confused about which is the correct sign in the unitary evolution operator of a beam splitter.

In paper Digital quantum simulation of linear and nonlinear optical elements author uses the following expression:

$$U_{ij} = e^{i\epsilon_{ij}\left(b_j^\dagger a_i + b_j a_i^\dagger \right)}$$

where $$i,j$$ refers to the beam splitter modes (so, what is the meaning of $$a$$ and $$b$$?)

However, Nielsen & Chuang use (on page 291) the following equation for the same thing: $$U = e^{\theta\left(a^\dagger b - a b^\dagger\right)},$$ where the latter term in the exponent has a minus sign.

How can I relate both equations? Are they the same?

Lastly, can you recommend me any book which deals with beam splitter and related stuff? I have not found any good reference.

First, the operators $$a$$ and $$b$$ ($$a^{\dagger}$$ and $$b^{\dagger}$$) are the annihilation (creation) operators of the two photonic modes in your problem. For an introduction to the subject I recommend you to look for some decent lecture notes on quantum optics. A well readable introductory book is Mark Fox's "Quantum Optics -- An Introduction" and a more advanced read is Grynberg, Aspect and Fabre's "An Introduction to Quantum Optics". But the parts you are interested in are possibly well explained in Nielsen and Chuang. Also this document I found while googling might be of interest.
But back to the original question: why does the paper you mention and the Wikipedia article define the beamsplitter as \begin{align} U = \mathrm{e}^{i \theta (b^{\dagger} a + b a^{\dagger})} \end{align} with a plus sign, contrary to Nielsen and Chuang?
This is actually explained quite neatly in Box 7.3 of Nielsen and Chuang, where they show that there is an isomorphism between the transformation of two photonic modes and $$SU(2)$$. The plus convention corresponds to a Pauli $$X$$ rotation, where the minus convention corresponds to a Pauli $$Y$$ rotation. As pointed out before, there is an additional phase shift, embodied by the phase operator \begin{align} S = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & i \end{bmatrix} \end{align} that can be used to relate the two transformations. For that see Page 51 of "Introduction to Optical Quantum Information Processing" by Kok and Lovett.
Just replace $$a$$ by $$a'=ia$$, this maps one unitary to the other.