Expanding on Jalex
Look at what happens on the possible terms.
\begin{eqnarray*}
\mid 0 \rangle \otimes \mid + \rangle &\to& \mid 0 \rangle \otimes \mid + \rangle\\
\mid 0 \rangle \otimes \mid - \rangle &\to& \mid 0 \rangle \otimes \mid - \rangle\\
\mid 1 \rangle \otimes \mid + \rangle &\to& \mid 1 \rangle \otimes \mid + \rangle\\
\mid 1 \rangle \otimes \mid - \rangle &\to& (-1) \mid 1 \rangle \otimes \mid - \rangle\\
\end{eqnarray*}
where the first 2 are unchanged because the control is $0$ so nothing happens. The third is unchanged because NOT applied to $\mid + \rangle$ just gives back $\mid + \rangle$. The last is the only one with change because NOT applied to $\mid - \rangle$ gives $(-1) \mid - \rangle$.
We can summarize these possibilities by knowing that $\mid + \rangle$ goes with $x=0$ and $\mid - \rangle$ with $x=1$ as:
\begin{eqnarray*}
\mid 0 \rangle \otimes \mid x \rangle &\to& \mid 0 \rangle \otimes \mid x \rangle\\
\mid 1 \rangle \otimes \mid x \rangle &\to& (-1)^x \mid 1 \rangle \otimes \mid x \rangle\\
\end{eqnarray*}
The first two become the first one above. And third and fourth, the second above.
Now add the two together along with a $\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}$ prefactor to give
$$
\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} ( \mid 0 \rangle + \mid 1 \rangle ) \otimes \mid x \rangle \to \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} ( \mid 0 \rangle + (-1)^x \mid 1 \rangle ) \otimes \mid x \rangle
$$
