With the integer factorisation problem, Shor's algorithm is known to provide a substantial (exponential?) speedup compared to classical algorithms. Are there similar results regarding more basic maths, such as evaluating transcendental functions?
Let's say I want to calculate $\sqrt{10}$$\sin2$, $\sin2$$\ln{5}$ or $\ln{5}$$\cosh10$. In the classical world, I might use an expansion like the Taylor series or some iterative algorithm. Are there quantum algorithms that can be faster than what a classical computer can do, be it asymptotically better, fewer iterations to the same precision, or faster by wall clock time?